Punjab’s Smog Crisis Highlights Need for Permanent Environmental Solutions

Farhan Latif

Pakistan’s repeated struggles in managing natural calamities such as floods, earthquakes, and the COVID-19 pandemic have often exposed weaknesses in governance and preparedness. The latest environmental crisis—thick smog blanketing Punjab—has once again underscored the gaps in long-term planning and response.

Unlike sudden disasters, smog is a recurring seasonal phenomenon, particularly in Punjab, though this year its intensity has grown alarmingly. Despite repeated warnings from environmental specialists in previous years, the present situation has revealed negligence in adopting lasting preventive measures.

In a short-term move, the Punjab government imposed shutdowns in Lahore and Multan, describing it as the most viable immediate step to reduce exposure. Reports suggest that nearly two million people have been affected by the hazardous air quality. However, environmental analysts argue that lockdowns alone are unlikely to solve the underlying problem and may disrupt the daily lives of citizens.

Experts predict the smog season may persist until mid-February, as cold weather and stagnant air allow particulate matter to remain suspended for longer periods. The crisis is largely linked to human-driven activities such as vehicular emissions, fossil fuel burning, industrial discharges, and deforestation. Natural factors including wildfires and atmospheric chemical reactions can also contribute, intensifying the haze.

Smog is primarily associated with fine particulate matter, particularly PM 10 and PM 2.5, which are small enough to stay airborne and act as nuclei for smog formation. Studies conducted in key Punjab cities have shown that concentrations of these pollutants exceed permissible limits by six to seven times, posing severe risks to public health.

Temporary closures and emergency restrictions may provide limited relief, but specialists stress that the real challenge lies in addressing the root causes of particulate matter in the air. Without permanent mitigation measures, the health and environmental risks will continue to escalate.

Political observers warn that the worsening smog crisis could trigger broader unrest if not addressed systematically. They urge the government to pursue a comprehensive strategy, including regional cooperation with neighboring countries facing similar transboundary air pollution challenges.